161, 155; Trotskii, Moia zhizn ’, 1:219; Nedava, Trotsky and the Jews , 33. 57. Sholem Aleichem, Tevye the Dairyman and the Railroad Stories , trans. Hillel Halkin (New York: Schocken Books, 1987), 81. 58. The “spoilt for Russia” quotation is from Alexander Herzen, My Past and Thoughts (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 66. 59. L. N. Tolstoi, Kazaki (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1967), 35, 39–40, 122. 60. S. N. Eisenstadt, From Generation to Generation: Age Groups and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1971), 44–51 and passim. Cf. Lynn Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992). 61. See, esp., Daniel Brower, Training the Nihilists: Education and Radicalism in Tsarist Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975); and Abbott Gleason, Young Russia: The Genesis of Russian Radicalism in the 1860s (New York: Viking Press, 1980). 62. S. Ia. Nadson, Stikhotvoreniia (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1987), 212, 234, 293; Mandelshtam, Sochineniia , 2:16 (cf. Osip Mandelstam, The Prose of Osip Mandelstam , trans. Clarence Brown [Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1965], 84). The culmination of the Jew-as-victim theme was L. Andreev, M. Gor’kii, and F. Sologub, eds., Shchit: Literaturnyi sbornik (Moscow: T-vo tipografii Mamontova, 1915), which was published in the wake of the mass deportations of Jews from the border areas during World War I. See also Joshua Kunitz, Russian Literature and the Jew (New York: Columbia University Press, 1929), 95–168. The “islands of freedom” quotation is from Brym, The Jewish Intelligentsia , 53. 63. Deiateli , 80 (ellipses in the original). The two quotations from circle veterans are from Mendelsohn, Class Struggle , 38. 64. Cahan, The Education , 145–46. 65. Mandelshtam, Sochineniia , 2:16. Sofia Perovskaia and Andrei Zheliabov were executed in 1881 for the assassination of Alexander II. 66. Deiateli , 18–19. 67. Ibid., 158. See also Haberer, Jews and Revolution , 151–55. I have used Haberer’s translation in slightly revised form. 68. See Brym, The Jewish Intelligenstia; Jonathan Frankel, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862–1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Yoav Peled, Class and Ethnicity in the Pale: The Political Economy of Jewish Workers’ Nationalism in Late Imperial Russia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989); Tobias, The Jewish Bund . After the Bolshevik Revolution, the Bund was disbanded, along with other non-Bolshevik parties (while continuing to function on the Polish side of the new border). It never got a fair chance, in other words—but that is part of the point: the party was too closely associated with minority nationalism to be convincingly Marxist (especially given the Jewish-friendly universalist alternative), and too emphatically Marxist and extraterritorial to be convincingly nationalist. 69. Chaim Weizmann, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann , gen. ed. Meyer W. Weisgal, vol. 2, ser. A, November 1902–August 1903 (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), 306–7. For a discussion of the three emigrations, see Nathans, Beyond the Pale , 86. For the connection between political choices and “degrees of embeddedness” in Russian and Jewish environments, see Brym, The Jewish Intelligentsia , 44. 70. Haberer, Jews and Revolution , 94. The Vilna circle, led by Aron Zundelevich, consisted almost entirely of the students of the city’s rabbinical seminary. See Haberer, Jews and Revolution , 79. 71. Ibid., 254–57, 275, 318–19; Brym, The Jewish Intelligenstia; 3; Nedava, Trotsky and the Jews , 143. 72. Tobias, The Jewish Bund , 76–79; I. Domal’skii, Russkie evrei vchera i segodnia (Jerusalem: Alia, 1975), 53; Nedava, Trotsky and the Jews , 144–46; Brym, The Jewish Intelligentsia; 73; Oleg Budnitskii, “V chuzhom piru pokhmel’e: Evrei i russkaia revoliutsiia,” in Evrei i russkaia revoliutsiia: Materialy i issledovaniia , ed. O. V. Budnitskii (Moscow: Mosty kul’tury, 1999), 13; Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 50; Iaakov Menaker, Zagovorshchiki, ikh spodvizhniki i soobshchniki (Jerusalem: n.p., 1990), 171, 302. 73. For class and nationality in the Russian revolutionary movement, see Ronald Grigor Suny, The