Russian Silver Age,” in Russian Jewish Artists in a Century of Change, 1890–1990 , ed. Susan Tumarkin Goodman (Munich: Prestel, 1995), 40–52 (the Efros quotation is on 43); and Igor Golomstock, “Jews in Soviet Art,” in Jews in Soviet Culture , ed. Jack Miller (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1984), 23–30. 35. Nathans, Beyond the Pale , 111–12; Iukhneva, Etnicheskii sostav , 208–10; Lev Deich, Za polveka (Berlin, 1923; reprint, Cambridge: Oriental Research Partners, 1975), 11, 17–19. Henry J. Tobias, The Jewish Bund in Russia: From Its Origins to 1905 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972), 18. 36. Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World , 118–20. See also Abraham Cahan, The Education of Abraham Cahan (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), 116, and Nathans, Beyond the Pale , 236–37. 37. Zhabotinskii, Izbrannoe , 28–32; Cahan, The Education , 79; Boulton, Zamenhof , 8. See also René Centassi and Henri Masson, L’Homme qui a défié Babel: Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001), 16. The Mutnikovich quotation is from Tobias, The Jewish Bund , 12. 38. Vladimir Iokhel’son, “Dalekoe proshloe,” Byloe , no. 13 (July 1918): 55; Mandel’shtam, Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh , 2:20–21; Cahan, The Education , 79. See also Steven Cassedy, To the Other Shore: The Russian Jewish Intellectuals Who Came to America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 6–14. 39. Deiateli SSSR i revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia Rossii: Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ Granat (Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1989), 161. Cf. Yuri Slezkine, “Lives as Tales,” in In the Shadow of Revolution: Life Stories of Russian Women from 1917 to the Second World War , ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick and Yuri Slezkine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 18–30. See also Cassedy, To the Other Shore , 25–35. 40. Babel’, Sochineniia , vol. 1 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1991), 39. 41. Ibid., 2:153. 42. Ibid., 143. 43. S. Marshak, V nachale zhizni (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1961), 89–90; the Pushkin translation is from Alexander Pushkin, Collected Narrative and Lyrical Poetry , trans. Walter Arndt (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1984), 358–63. Both cases are discussed, as a version of the traditional confirmation of the Jewish boy, in Efraim Sicher, Jews in Russian Literature after the October Revolution: Writers and Artists between Hope and Apostasy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 38. 44. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:175–76. 45. Cahan, The Education , 8. 46. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:174–75. 47. Cahan, The Education , 145; Deiateli , 160; A. Kushnirov, Stikhi (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1964), 54; the Pasternak and Aronson quotations are from Bowlt, “Jewish Artists,” 44. 48. Marshak, V nachale zhizni , 243. 49. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:238. 50. Raisa Orlova, Vospominaniia o neproshedshem vremeni (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1983), 15. 51. Mandel’shtam, Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh , 2:21. 52. Babel’, Sochineniia , 1:39–41. 53. Deich, Za polveka , 34; Iokhel’son, “Dalekoe proshloe,” 56–57; I. J. Singer, The Brothers Ashkenazi (New York: Atheneum, 1980), 8; L. Trotskii, Moia zhizn’: Opyt avtobiografii , vol. 1 (Berlin: Granit, 1930), 106; Joseph Nedava, Trotsky and the Jews (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1971), 31; Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:178. 54. Cahan, The Education , 8; Deiateli , 161. 55. Ronald Sanders, The Downtown Jews: Portraits of an Immigrant Generation (New York: Harper and Row, 1961), 310–14; Jeffrey Veidlinger, The Moscow State Yiddish Theater: Jewish Culture on the Soviet Stage (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 139–46; Nataliia Vovsi-Mikhoels, Moi otets Solomon Mikhoels: Vospominanie o zhizni i gibeli (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 1997), 81–88. 56. Cahan, The Education , 74, 47–48; G. A. Landau, “Revoliutsionnye idei v russkoi obshchestvennosti,” in Rossiia i evrei , ed. I. M. Bikerman et al. (Paris: YMCA Press, 1978), 108; Deiateli ,