University of Chicago Press, 1986), 1–69; Benjamin Nathans, Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), 4, 40; Alexander Orbach, “The Development of the Russian Jewish Community, 1881–1903,” in Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History , ed. John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 138–40. 2. Joachim Schoenfeld, Jewish Life in Galicia under the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in the Reborn Poland 1898–1939 (Hoboken, N.J.: KTAV Publishing House, 1985), 8. 3. Samuel, The World of Sholom Aleichem , 63. 4. On Khmelnytsky and the Jewish-Ukrainian contact, see Joel Raba, Remembrance and Denial: The Fate of the Jews in the Wars of the Polish Commonwealth during the Mid–Seventeenth Century as Shown in Contemporary Writings and Historical Research (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1995); and Frank Sysyn, “The Jewish Massacres in the Historiography of the Khmelnytsky Uprising: A Review Article,” Journal of Ukrainian Studies 23, no. 1 (Summer 1998): 83–89. See also Peter J. Potichnyj and Howard Aster, eds., Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1988), esp. essays by Jaroslaw Pelenski, Frank Sysyn, Israel Bartal, and George Grabowicz; and Zenon E. Kohut, “The Image of Jews in Ukraine’s Intellectual Tradition: The Role of Istoriia Rusov ,” in Cultures and Nations of Central and Eastern Europe: Essays in Honor of Roman Szporluk , ed. Zvi Gitelman et al. (Cambridge, Mass.: Ukrainian Research Institute, 2000), 343–53. I am grateful to Frank Sysyn and Roman Koropeckyj for help with Ukrainian history questions. 5. Zborowski and Herzog, Life Is with People , 152. 6. Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World , 66, 345; M. S. Al’tman, “Avtobiograficheskaia proza M. S. Al’tmana,” Minuvshee 10 (1990): 208. 7. See chap. 1. For disguised place-names, see, esp., Peter Bakker, “Notes on the Genesis of Caló and Other Iberian Para-Romani Varieties,” in Romani in Contact: The History, Structure and Sociology of a Language , ed. Yaron Matras (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995), 133; and Hancock, “The Social and Linguistic Development,” 28. 8. Al’tman, “Avtobiograficheskaia proza,” 213. 9. Schoenfeld, Jewish Life in Galicia , 12. 10. Ibid., 13. 11. Howard Aster and Peter J. Potichnyj, Jewish Ukrainian Relations: Two Solitides (Oakville, Ont.: Mosaic Press, 1983). The “painted eggs” quotation is from Feliks Roziner, Serebrianaia tsepochka: Sem’ pokolenii odnoi sem’i (Tel Aviv: Biblioteka Aliia, 1983), 59. 12. John A. Armstrong, “Mobilized Diaspora in Tsarist Russia: The Case of the Baltic Germans,” in Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices , ed. Jeremy R. Azrael (New York: Praeger, 1978), 63–104, esp. 69, 75, 99n. 16 (the quotations are from 88); N. V. Iukhneva, Etnicheskii sostav i etnosotsial’naia struktura naseleniia Peterburga: vtoraia polovina XIX–nachalo XX veka (Leningrad: Nauka, 1984), 73; Ingeborg Fleischhauer, “The Germans’ Role in Tsarist Russia: A Reappraisal,” in Soviet Germans: Past and Present , ed. Ingeborg Fleischhauer and Benjamin Pinkus (London: Hurst and Company, 1986), 18. See also John A. Armstrong, “Socializing for Modernization in a Multiethnic Elite,” in Entrepreneurship in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union , ed. Gregory Guroff and Fred V. Carstensen (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 84–103. 13. Iukhneva, Etnicheskii sostav , 184, 56–79; Thomas C. Owen, Russian Corporate Capitalism from Peter the Great to Perestroika (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 187–88. 14. There is still not a single Russian book on “the German” in Russian culture; for a recent article, see A. V. Zhukovskaia, N. N. Mazur, and A. M. Peskov, “Nemetskie tipazhi russkoi belletristiki (konets 1820kh–nachalo 1840kh gg.),” Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie , no. 34 (1998): 37–54. In German, see Dieter Boden, Die Deutschen in der russischen und der sowjetischen Literatur: Traum und Alptraum (Munich and Vienna: Günter Olzog, 1982), and Maximiliane Müntjes, Beiträge zum Bild des Deutschen in der russischen Literatur von Katharina bis auf Alexander II (Meisenheim am Glan: Verlag Anton Hain, 1971). I am grateful to Daniela Rizzi for fascinating conversations on the subject.