150–51; Jaff Schatz, The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991), 76, 96–97; Arthur Liebman, Jews and the Left (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1979), 46–66. 72. Stephen J. Whitfield, American Space, Jewish Time (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1988), 125; Grunfeld, Prophets without Honor , 153. 73. Werner Sombart, Der proletarische Sozialismus (Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1924), 1:75–76, 2:298–303; Nikolai Berdiaev, Smysl istorii. Opyt filosofii chelovecheskoi sud’by (Paris: YMCA-PRESS, 1969), 116–17, 109. 74. Sonja Margolina, Das Ende der Lügen: Russland und die Juden im 20. Jahrhundert (Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1992), 101. Cf. Isaac Deutscher, The Non-Jewish Jew and Other Essays (London: Oxford University Press, 1968). 75. Löwy, Redemption and Utopia , 136, 59–60; Lev Shternberg, “Problema evreiskoi natsional’noi psikhologii,” Evreiskaia starina 11 (1924): 36, 44. 76. Shternberg, “Problema,” 37. 77. Lazar’ Kaganovich, Pamiatnye zapiski rabochego, kommunista-bol’shevika, profsoiuznogo, partiinogo i sovetsko-gosudarstvennogo rabotnika (Moscow: Vagrius, 1996), 41. 78. Burnaia zhizn’ Lazika Roitshvanetsa , in I. Erenburg, Staryi skorniak i drugie proizvedeniia (n.p., 1983), 115. 79. Schatz, The Generation , 138. 80. Ibid. 81. See, esp., Lewis S. Feuer, “Generations and the Theory of Revolution,” Survey 18, no. 3 (Summer 1972): 161–88; and Lewis S. Feuer, The Conflict of Generations: The Character and Significance of Student Movements (New York: Basic Books, 1969). 82. Quoted in McCagg, Jewish Nobles and Geniuses , 106–7. 83. McCagg, “Jews in Revolutions,” 96; Rudolph L. Tőkés, Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), 53; György Borsányi, The Life of a Communist Revolutionary, Béla Kun (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 431; Kaganovich, Pamiatnye zapiski , 40. 84. Quoted in Abram Kardiner and Edward Preble, They Studied Man (Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1961), 139; and Löwy, Redemption and Utopia , 33. 85. Schatz, The Generation , 57. 86. Janos, The Politics of Backwardness , 182; Marjorie Boulton, Zamenhof: Creator of Esperanto (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), 19–20; Evgenii Gnedin, Vykhod iz labirinta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994), 8. 87. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism , 40; Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” 239. 88. On the German Jewish “blood and soil,” see George L. Mosse, Germans and Jews: The Right, the Left, and the Search for a “Third Force” in Pre-Nazi Germany (New York: Howard Fertig, 1970), 77–115. 89. Samuel, The World of Sholom Aleichem , 6. Benjamin Harshav, Language in Time of Revolution (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), 25–29 and passim. C HAPTER 3 B ABEL ’ S F IRST L OVE : T HE J EWS AND THE R USSIAN R EVOLUTION 1. Hirsz Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World: Memoirs of East European Jewish Life before World War II (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999), 65, 79; Robert J. Brym, The Jewish Intelligentsia and Russian Marxism: A Sociological Study of Intellectual Radicalism and Ideological Divergence (London: Macmillan, 1978), 30–34; Arcadius Kahan, Essays in Jewish Social and Economic History (Chicago: