Image: German Jewish Perceptions of Germans and Germany, 1918–1935 (New York: Elsevier, 1975), 16. 48. Vladimir (Zeev) Zhabotinskii, Izbrannoe (Jerusalem: Biblioteka Aliia, 1992), 28. 49. Ibid., 160; Goldstein quoted in Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews , 78. 50. Bolkosky, The Distorted Image , 13. 51. Chaadaev, Izbrannye sochineniia , 28. 52. Otto Weininger, Sex and Character (London: William Heinemann, 1907), 308, 313. 53. Joseph Hayyim Brenner, “Self-Criticism,” in The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader , ed. Arthur Hertzberg (New York: Atheneum, 1959), 307–12. 54. Weininger, Sex and Character , 328. 55. See “Letter to His Father” and “Selections from Diaries, 1911–1923,” in The Basic Kafka (New York: Washington Square Books, 1979), 217, 191, 259, 261. See also Erich Heller’s introduction, xviii. 56. Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time , vol. 4, Sodom and Gomorrah , trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. D. J. Enright (London: Chatto and Windus, 1992), 16–17, 19. 57. Ibid., 104; Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism , 82. 58. All Ulysses quotations are from James Joyce, Ulysses , ed. Hans Walter Gabler with Wolfhard Steppe and Claus Melchior (New York: Vintage Books, 1986). The first number refers to chapter, the second to line. 59. The best books on Marxism and Freudianism are, respectively, Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism: Its Rise, Growth, and Dissolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978); and Ernest Gellner, The Psychoanalytic Movement, or The Cunning of Unreason (London: Paladin Grafton Books, 1988). 60. Gellner, Plough, Sword and Book , 34–35. 61. Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” 236, 237, 241. See also Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility , 119–20, 152–54, and passim; and Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews , 25–34 and passim. 62. Dennis B. Klein, Jewish Origins of the Psychoanalytic Movement (New York: Praeger, 1981), 93–94. 63. Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 17; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany , 26–27; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews , 91–93; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich , 557–61; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe , 95; István Deák, “Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918–1919,” Slavonic and East European Review 46, no. 106 (January 1968): 138–39; William O. McCagg, Jr., “Jews in Revolutions: The Hungarian Experience,” Journal of Social History , no. 6 (Fall 1972): 78–105. The Seton- Watson quotation is from Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews , 35. 64. Deák, Weimar Germany’s Left-Wing Intellectuals , 28–29. For a general discussion, including the Deák quotation, see Stanley Rothman and S. Robert Lichter, Roots of Radicalism: Jews, Christians, and the New Left (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 84–86. See also Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany , 37–38; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich , 561–77, 677–86; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews , 83–85 and passim. 65. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Herder and Herder, 1927), 173, 187, 192, 197, 184; T. W. Adorno, “Prejudice in the Interview Material,” in Authoritarian Personality , ed. Adorno et al. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 608, 618. On the Jewishness of the members of the Frankfurt School, see Martin Jay, Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1973), 31–36. 66. Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment , 43–80, esp. 43, 50, 57, 61. 67. Ibid., 61–62. 68. Ibid., 55. 69. Ibid., 68–69. 70. Ibid., 200. 71. Janos, The Politics of Backwardness , 177; Andrew Janos, East Central Europe in the Modern World: The Politics of the Borderlands from Pre- to Postcommunism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000),