1912), 574, 492–93, 330, 238, 232, 254, 391. 23. Jacobs, Jewish Contributions to Civilization , 10, 56–57. 24. Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism , 321, 343, 209, 226–27. 25. Ibid., 237–38. 26. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), 129–44. 27. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future , sec. 195, in Basic Writings of Nietzsche , trans. and ed. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Modern Library, 1968), 298. 28. Ibid., sec. 11; Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , trans. Talcott Parsons (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 180–82. 29. Madison C. Peters, Justice to the Jew: The Story of What He Has Done for the World (New York: Trow Press, 1910), 24, 14, 29, 44, 66, 214, 207. 30. John Foster Fraser, The Conquering Jew (London: Cassell, 1915), 30–31, 43, 35. On Jews and rationalism, see Steven Beller’s excellent “ ‘Pride and Prejudice’ or ‘Sense and Sensibility’? How Reasonable Was Anti-Semitism in Vienna, 1880–1939?” in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders , 99–124. 31. Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism , 254; L. B. Namier, “Introduction,” in Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World , xx–xxi; Fraser, The Conquering Jew , 213. 32. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, Israël chez les nations (Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1893), 221. 33. Chamberlain, Foundations of the Nineteenth Century , 1:482–83; Leroy-Beaulieu, Israël chez les nations , 341–42. 34. Thorstein Veblen, “The Intellectual Pre-eminence of Jews in Modern Europe,” Political Science Quarterly 34, no. 1 (March 1919): 33–42. See also David Hollinger, “Why Are Jews Preeminent in Science and Scholarship? The Veblen Thesis Reconsidered,” Aleph 2 (2002): 145–63. 35. A. Jussawalla, Missing Person , quoted in Luhrmann, The Good Parsi , 55. 36. Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” in Early Writings (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), 211–41; Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), 26–27, 59–60. 37. Weber, The Protestant Ethic , 182. 38. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 129; Pierre Birnbaum, The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996). 39. Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 100–101. 40. Bauman, “Exit Visas and Entry Tickets,” 52–55; Leichter quoted in Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 186. See also Birnbaum, The Jews of the Republic . 41. See Harold Bloom, The Western Canon: The Book and School for the Ages (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1994), for a different look at the European canon. 42. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy , 141. 43. Ernest Gellner, Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 115. See also his Nations and Nationalism , passim. 44. P. Ia. Chaadaev, Izbrannye sochineniia i pis’ma (Moscow: Pravda, 1991), 27, 32. See also Peter Uwe Hohendahl, Building a National Literature: The Case of Germany, 1830–1870 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), esp. 140–73. 45. Osip Mandel’shtam, Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh , vol. 2 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1990), 14–15. 46. Grunfeld, Prophets without Honor , 6 (“Denk ich an Deutschland in der Nacht / Dann bin ich um den Schlaf gebracht”); Goldstein quoted in Michael Löwy, Redemption and Utopia: Jewish Libertarian Thought in Central Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 31, and Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews , 78; Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 150–51. See also Janos, The Politics of Backwardness , 117–18. 47. Gershom Scholem, On Jews and Judaism in Crisis: Selected Essays (New York: Schocken Books, 1976), 79; Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 151; Rosenzweig quoted in Sidney M. Bolkosky, The Distorted