Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 114, 225; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews , 80; Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World , 207–11; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich , 760–97; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe , 244–45; Jacobs, Jewish Contributions to Civilization , 237–46; Cecil Roth, The Jewish Contribution to Civilization (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1940), 278–83; György Lengyel, “Hungarian Banking and Business Leaders between the Wars: Education, Ethnicity and Career Patterns,” in Silber, Jews in the Hungarian Economy , 230; Nathaniel Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews: Policy and Legislation 1920–1943 (Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1981), 30; W. D. Rubinstein, The Left, the Right, and the Jews (London: Croom Helm, 1992), 13, 27; for W. D. Rubinstein’s data on Jewish participation in various economic elites, see Niall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700–2000 (London: Allen Lane, 2001), 378; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews , 59–61, 180–81; on the Rothschilds, see Ferguson, The World’s Banker , 3, 1034–36. 15. Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World , 151–53. The Heine quotation is from Jacobs, Jewish Contributions to Civilization , 239–40; Janos, The Politics of Backwardness , chap.. 3; Ferguson, The World’s Banker , 7–11, 505–7 and passim, esp. 147 and 173; Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977); Alexander Herzen [Aleksandr Gertsen], Byloe i dumy (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1969), 1:643–51. 16. Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 52–67. Efron, Medicine and the German Jews , 236–37. Cf. Lengyel, “Hungarian Banking and Business Leaders.” Among Jewish businessmen-fathers in Hungary, the proportion of self-made men with little formal secular education was much higher than among non-Jews. For overrepresentation among gymnasium students, see Goldscheider and Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews , 86; and Victor Karady, “Les juifs de Hongrie sous les lois antisémites,” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales , no. 56 (March 1985): 28. 17. Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 33–34; Goldscheider and Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews , 85–87; Efron, Medicine and the German Jews , 236; Mária M. Kovács, Liberal Professions and Illiberal Politics: Hungary from the Habsburgs to the Holocaust (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 18; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe , 237. 18. Goldscheider and Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews , 90; Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 38– 39; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe , 27, 101. See also Kovács, Liberal Professions , 17–19; and Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews , 30–31. 19. Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 38–40 (the quotation is from 40); Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews , 79–80; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany , 36–38; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich , 131–46; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews , 182–83. 20. John Murray Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility: Freud, Marx, Lévi-Strauss, and the Jewish Struggle with Modernity (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 8; Milton Himmelfarb, The Jews of Modernity (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 23; Katz, Out of the Ghetto , 42–56 (the quotation is on 45), 84; Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 40–41; Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), 59–62; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich , 862–914; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews , 79–80; Zygmunt Bauman, “Exit Visas and Entry Tickets: Paradoxes of Jewish Assimilation,” Telos 77 (1988): 52–53; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany , 33–41; István Deák, Weimar Germany’s Left- Wing Intellectuals: A Political History of the Weltbühne and Its Circle (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968), 27–28; Frederic V. Grunfeld, Prophets without Honour: A Background to Freud, Kafka, Einstein and Their World (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979), 26– 29 and passim. 21. Beller, Vienna and the Jews , 14–32; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany , 33–41; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich , passim; McCagg, Jewish Nobles and Geniuses , 15–16 and passim; David Nachmansohn, German-Jewish Pioneers in Science 1900–1933: Highlights in Atomic Physics, Chemistry, and Biochemistry (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979). The Gundolf quotation is from Himmelfarb, The Jews of Modernity , 44; see also Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility , 8. On the Rothschild myth, see Ferguson, The World’s Banker , 11–28. 22. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Foundations of the Nineteenth Century , vol. 1 (New York: John Lane,