of Germans in Russian Empire, 111, 113 liberal, 62, 63 in Marxism as Jewish, 95–96 and nationalism, 69–70 restricted, 116 in Russian Empire, 69–70 of Russian Empire Jews, 106, 116, 123–25, 127–34, 140, 144–45, 147, 158 of Russian Federation Jews, 362 of Soviet cultural elite, 232–34 of Soviet Jews, 222–23, 224–25, 231, 232–34, 243, 252, 262, 274, 329–30, 335–36, 355, 356 Soviet Jews in, 224, 225, 226, 233, 301 in Soviet Union, 247, 253–54, 278–79, 331 in United States, 318. See also culture; learning; literacy Efros, Abram, 126 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 200, 226, 288, 291 The Stormy Life of Lazik Roitshvanetz , 94–95 Einstein, Albert, 52, 91, 342 Eisner, Kurt, 85 Eitingon, N. I., 304, 311 Elman, Mischa, 125 engineers, 329, 333, 334, 335 Enlightenment, 58, 65–66, 74, 88 entertainment, 50, 125, 224, 225, 315. See also occupation(s) entrepreneurs: American Jews as, 261 and capitalism, 34 Jewish, 1, 5, 6, 30, 43, 72 as modern, 41 Russian Federation Jews as, 362 Russian Jewish, 122, 154 Soviet Jews as, 218, 220 in Soviet Union, 209 tribal, 34. See also business; commerce; occupation(s)