in Marxism, 162 vs. Mercurians, 23, 29, 123 modernization of, 60, 61 and New Economic Policy, 219 and populism vs. Marxism, 148 protection of, 116, 159, 160 and Samoilov, 281–82, 283 shtetl Jews on, 27 and socialism, 141 values of, 28 People’s Will party, 151 Pereires family, 47, 120 Perle, Richard, 357 Péter, Gábor, 304 Peters, Madison C., 56 Peterson, R. A., 249 Peter the Great, 111, 135, 332 Petőfi, Sándor, 67, 71, 97 Petrograd Soviet, 176, 334 Petrosian, Tigran, 338 Philippines, 33, 36, 38 philosophes , 66 physician. See medicine Piedmont Principle, 274 Pinsky, Leonid, 233 Pisarev, D. I., “Progress in the World of Plants and Animals,” 145 Plautus, 239 Pobedonostsev, K., 156 pogroms, 155 Bikerman on, 183 in Kiev, 289 in Odessa, 159 and Red Army, 169