as strangers, 72, 73, 99–100, 104 success of, 48, 52–60, 70–71, 104, 207, 369 in trade, 47 tribalism of, 72, 73, 91–92 urbanism of, 46, 47 as wage laborers, 47 wealth of, 46–49 Zionism rejected by, 74 Jews (Hungarian), 123 Jews (Lithuanian), 108 Jews (Polish), 50 Jews (Russian Empire): as aliens, 166 anti-Semitism toward, 108–11, 115, 116, 155–62, 166, 221 as artisans, 105, 115, 122, 155 assimilation of, 163 as bankers, 118, 120 Bolshevik, 169, 173, 175–88, 205, 338, 360 in business, 120–23 and capitalism, 123, 153, 156, 162 chosenness of, 121 in commerce, 118 and Cossacks, 106, 107 culture of, 72, 105–10, 125–27, 173 discrimination against, 110–11 Dostoevsky on, 156, 157 education of, 106, 116, 123–25, 127–34, 140, 144–45, 147, 158 as entrepreneurs, 122, 154 equality for, 145, 148, 149, 154 family businesses of, 121, 122 and food, 106 and German language, 129 Gorky on, 163–65 history of, 106