in industry, 118–19 intelligentsia of, 140–44, 155 and investment in Russian Empire, 120 language of, 105, 108, 127–30 in law, 125, 158 learning of, 106 liberalism of, 153 life of, 105–10 and marriage, 106 and Marxism, 151, 162 in medicine, 105, 125 as merchants, 118 Mercurianism of, 106, 107, 121, 140, 155, 192 meritocracy of, 339 as middlemen, 105, 123 migration of, 122 migration of to cities, 116, 117, 149 migration of to Palestine, 149 migration of to United States, 2, 116–17, 149 in military, 114–15 modernity of, 115–16, 118, 123, 153, 155–56, 158 as moneylenders, 118 occupations of, 115–16, 122, 123, 154 in Pale of Settlement, 105–10 and peasants, 116, 159 perceived danger of, 159 as pharmacists, 105 population of, 105, 117 in professions, 116, 118, 123–25, 143–44, 154, 158 and progress, 162, 163 in railroad industry, 120, 121–22 rationality of, 156 reading circles of, 144–45