of Russian Federation Jews, 362–63 service, 105 of Soviet Jews, 218–21, 223–24, 225, 237 in Soviet Union, 329 of strangers, 4–5, 9 undesirable, 4–5, 9 in United States, 210. See also professions; specific occupations Odessa, 71, 122, 124, 125–26, 159, 210 Odysseus/Ulysses, 23, 27 OGPU, 199, 221, 244. See also Cheka; NKVD; police, Soviet secret Oistrakh, David, 125, 226 Old Believers, 111, 121, 123 Old Bolsheviks, 256 Olesen, Asta, 17 Onikov, L., 355 Oppenheim banking house, 47 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 342 Orlova, Raisa, 136, 231–32, 233, 239, 344, 345 Memoirs of Times Not Past , 346–47 Orzhikh-Bogoraz-Shternberg group, 151 Ottoman Empire, 6, 166 Pakistanis, 11, 32 Pale of Settlement: collapse of, 2, 166 education in, 124 emigration from, 117 industrialism in, 120 life in, 105–10 and Meromskaia, 238 migration from, 140, 257 and Russian civil war, 173 urban riots in, 155, 159. See also shtetl Palestine: and American Jews, 267