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Endnotes 62. Howarth, Josh, “6 Military Technology Trends to Watch (2022-2025)”, Exploding Topics, 22 April 2022, https://explodingtopics.com/blog/military-technology-trends. 63. Congressional Research Service, Defense Primer: Directed Energy Weapons, 14 November 2022, https:// sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/IF11882.pdf. 64. Kallenborn, Zachary, The role of electronic warfare, cyber and space capabilities in air littoral, Atlantic Council, 30 August 2022; Lewis, Patricia and Beyza Unal, “Cyberattacks on Missile Systems”, Chatham House, 2 July 2019; Dunn, Will, “Can nuclear weapons be hacked?”, The New Statesman, 7 May 2018. 65. Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy (IFSH), Negative Multiplicity: Forecasting the Future Impact of Emerging Technologies on International Stability and Human Security, 2022, https://ifsh.de/en/ publications/research-report/research-report-010. 66. Shoup, Timothy and August Leo Liljenberg, “Destruction Democratised”, Farsight, 1 November 2022, https://farsight.cifs.dk/destruction-democratised/. 67. European Commission, Changing security paradigm, 2022, https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/ changing-security-paradigm_en, accessed 31 October 2022; Gottemoeller, Rose, “The Case Against A New Arms Race: Nuclear Weapons Are Not The Future”, Foreign Affairs, 9 August 2022. 68. Gottemoeller, Rose, “The Case Against A New Arms Race: Nuclear Weapons Are Not The Future”, Foreign Affairs, 9 August 2022. 69. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SPIRI), SPIRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, 13 June 2022; Grego, Laura, “A nuclear arms race is unavoidable without serious intervention”, Financial Times, 27 October 2022. 70. ICAN, States reaf昀椀rm support for Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty at UN First Committee, 29 October 2022, https://www.icanw.org/people_and_structure. 71. The Nuclear Threat Initiative, The CNS North Korea Missile Test Database, https://www.nti.org/analysis/ articles/cns-north-korea-missile-test-database/, accessed 31 October 2022; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SPIRI), SPIRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, 13 June 2022. 72. Dunn, Lewis A., The disarmament, arms control, and non-proliferation implications of the invasion of Ukraine: what next for reducing global nuclear dangers, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2022. 73. Vohra, Anchal, “The Post-Iran-Nuclear-Deal World Won’t Be Pretty”, Foreign Policy, 17 November 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/11/17/the-post-iran-nuclear-deal-world-wont-be-pretty/. 74. The decline in total number of nuclear weapons between 2021 and 2022 has been attributed to the dismantling of retired warheads. Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Peace Index 2022: Measuring peace in a complex world, 2022, https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI- 2022-web.pdf. 75. Shoup, Timothy and August Leo Liljenberg, “Destruction Democratised”, Farsight, 1 November 2022, https://farsight.cifs.dk/destruction-democratised/. 76. Zou, Bingun and Xingguang Peng, “A Bilateral Cooperative Strategy for Swarm Escort under the Attack of Aggressive Swarms”, Electronics, 8 November 2022. 77. Wezeman, Pieter D., Alexandra Kuimova and Siemon T. Wezeman, Trends in international arms transfers, 2021, Stockhom International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), SPIRI Fact Sheet, March 2022, https:// www.sipri.org/sites/default/昀椀les/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf. 78. European Commission, Developments and Forecasts on Changing Security Paradigm, 2022, https:// knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/foresight/topic/changing-security-paradigm/developments-and-forecasts- on-changing-security-paradigm_en, accessed 1 November 2022. 79. Morgan, Forrest E. and Raphael S. Cohen, Military Trends and the Future of Warfare: The Changing Global Environment and Its Implications for the US Air Force, RAND Corporation, 2020. 80. The Economist, Why Drones are Becoming Iran’s Weapons of Choice, 13 November 2021, https://www. economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/why-drones-are-becoming-irans-weapons-of-choice/21806199; Yousif, Elias, “Drone Warfare in Ukraine: Understanding the Landscape”, Stimson, 30 June 2022, https:// www.stimson.org/2022/drone-warfare-in-ukraine-understanding-the-landscape/. 81. United Nations, Rise in mercenary forces trigger ‘rampant’ human rights violations [Press release], 20 September 2022, https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127171; De Groot, Tom and Salvador Santino F. Regilme, Jr., “Private Military and Security Companies and The Militarisation of Humanitarianism”, Journal of Developing Societies, vol. 38, iss. 1, 25 December 2021. 82. Przetacznik, Jakub and Simona Tarpova, Brie昀椀ng: Russia’s war on Ukraine: Timeline of cyber-attacks, European Parliamentary Research Service, June 2022, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ BRIE/2022/733549/EPRS_BRI(2022)733549_EN.pdf. 83. Moodie, Michael and Jerry Zhang, “Bolstering Arms Control in a Contested Geopolitical Environment”, Stimson, 31 October 2022. Global Risks Report 2023 53

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