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Endnotes 39. Statistica Research Department, U.S. health expenditure as percent of GDP 1960-2020, 1 December 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/184968/us-health-expenditure-as-percent-of-gdp-since-1960/. 40. Hariharan, Kavitha, Adrienne Cernigoi and Jordan Lee,"Life Support: A People Prescription for Resilient Health Systems", Marsh McLennan, 2022, https://www.marshmclennan.com/insights/publications/2022/ november/life-support-a-people-prescription-for-resilient-health-systems.html. 41. Singer, Merrill, “A dose of drugs, a touch of violence, a case of AIDS: conceptualising the SAVA syndemic”, Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, vol. 24, no. 2, 1 May 1996. 42. McGowan, Victoria, “COVID-19 mortality and deprivation: a pandemic, syndemic and endemic health inequalities”, The Lancet Public Health, vol. 7, iss. 11, 1 November 2022; Mendenhall, Emily, Brandon A. Kohrt, Carmen H. Logie and Alexander Tsai, “Syndemics and clinical science”, Nature Medicine, vol. 28, 21 July 2022, pp. 1359-1362. 43. Schwartz, Sheree R., et al., "The immediate effect of the Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act on stigma, discrimination, and engagement on HIV prevention and treatment services in men who have sex with men in Nigeria: analysis of prospective data from the TRUST cohort”, The Lancet HIV, vol. 2, no. 7, 1 June 2015. 44. Marmot, Michael, “A generation of Britons face long-term illness from being cold and poor this winter”, The Guardian, 1 September 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/sep/01/generation- britain-long-term-illness-cold-poor-winter-cost-of-living-crisis. 45. Lazarus, Jeffrey V., et. al., “Revisiting COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy around the World Using Data from 23 Countries in 2021”, Nature Communications, vol. 13, July 1, 2022. Bhanani, L. Y. and B. Franz, “A meta-analysis of COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and demographic characteristics in the United States”, Public Health, vol. 27, June 2022, pp 31-38. 46. Kuchler, Hannah,“Revolutionary Crispr gene editing speeds from lab to treatment room”, Financial Times, 19 August 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/e3c12117-190c-4fc9-9988-57eb9ab9de56. 47. United Nations, UN condemns brutal killing of eight polio workers in Afghanistan, 24 February 2022, https:// news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1112612. 48. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), The Lancet: Latest global disease estimates reveal perfect storm of rising chronic diseases and public health failures fuelling COVID-19 pandemic, 15 October 2020, https://www.healthdata.org/news-release/lancet-latest-global-disease-estimates-reveal-perfect- storm-rising-chronic-diseases-and. 49. Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), Global Peace Index 2022: Measuring peace in a complex world, 2022, https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf. 50. Ibid. 51. Ibid. 52. Mason, Ra, “Commentary: Japan’s Militarisation Gets a Boost from Ukraine War despite Paci昀椀st Constitution”, CNA, 17 May 2022, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/japan-increase-military- spending-paci昀椀st-constitution-ukraine-china-2687661; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), World Military Expenditure Passes $2 Trillion for First Time, 25 April 2022, https://www.sipri.org/ media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-昀椀rst-time. 53. Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), Global Peace Index 2022: Measuring peace in a complex world, 2022, https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf. 54. Perlo-Freeman, Samuel, Rethinking Unconstrained Military Spending, United Nations Of昀椀ce for Disarmament Affairs, UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 35, April 2020. 55. Carafano, James Jay, “Rapid Advancements in Military Tech.” GIS Reports (blog), 19 January 2022, https:// www.gisreportsonline.com/r/military-technology/. 56. United Nations Education Scienti昀椀c Culture Organization (UNESCO), Launch of the 2022 Survey of Research and Experimental Development Statistics for SDG 9.5 [Press release], 6 September 2022, http:// uis.unesco.org/en/news/launch-2022-survey-research-and-experimental-development-statistics-sdg-9-5. 57. Cerdeiro, Diego, et al., “Sizing Up the Effects of Technological Decoupling”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Papers, 12 March 2021, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/03/12/Sizing- Up-the-Effects-of-Technological-Decoupling-50125. 58. Congressional Research Service, Global Research and Development Expenditure: Fact Sheet, 14 September 2022, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R44283.pdf. 59. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), NATO leaders meet with key partners to address global challenges, Indo-Paci昀椀c partners participate in a NATO summit for the 昀椀rst time [Press release], 29 June 2022, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_197287.htm. 60. McCarthy, Simone, “China and Cambodia break ground at naval base in show of ‘iron-clad’ relations”, CNN, 9 June 2022, https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/09/asia/china-cambodia-naval-base-military-intl-hnk/ index.html. 61. Muggah, Robert, “The war against Ukraine has reached outer space”, iPolitics, 17 March 2022, https:// www.ipolitics.ca/opinions/the-war-against-ukraine-has-reached-outer-space. Global Risks Report 2023 52

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