TABLE B.2 Top five risks identified by the Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) Namibia Nigeria Panama 1 Debt crises 1 Terrorist attacks 1 Employment and livelihood crises 2 Cost-of-living crisis 2 Debt crises 2 Debt crises 3 Employment and livelihood crises 3 Cost-of-living crisis 3 Digital inequality 5 Failure of climate-change adaptation 4 Severe commodity supply crises 4 Cost-of-living crisis 5 Prolonged economic stagnation 5 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 5 Proliferation of illicit economic activity 5 Digital inequality 5 Employment and livelihood crises 5 Rapid and/or sustained inflation Nepal North Macedonia Paraguay 1 Geopolitical contestation of resources 1 Cost-of-living crisis 1 Prolonged economic stagnation 2 Debt crises 2 Debt crises 2 Collapse of services and public infrastructure 3 Human-made environmental damage 3 Human-made environmental damage 2 Digital inequality 4 Natural disasters and extreme weather 4 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 4 Natural disasters and extreme weather events events 5 Digital inequality 5 Prolonged economic stagnation 5 State collapse Netherlands Oman Peru 1 Failure of climate-change adaptation 1 Debt crises 1 State collapse 2 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 2 Natural disasters and extreme weather 2 Digital inequality events 3 Geoeconomic confrontation 3 Severe commodity price shocks 3 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 3 Geopolitical contestation of resources 3 Cost-of-living crisis 4 Proliferation of illicit economic activity 5 Cost-of-living crisis 5 Geopolitical contestation of resources 5 Employment and livelihood crises 5 Proliferation of illicit economic activity New Zealand Philippines 1 Cost-of-living crisis 1 Natural disasters and extreme weather Pakistan events 2 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 1 Digital power concentration 2 Debt crises 3 Natural disasters and extreme weather 2 Failure of cybersecurity measures 3 Rapid and/or sustained inflation events 4 Asset bubble burst 3 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 4 Misinformation 5 Debt crises 4 Debt crises 5 Geopolitical contestation of resources 5 State collapse Risk categories Economic Environmental Geopolitical Societal Technological Global Risks Report 2023 86