levels on the Health and Survival subindex (93.7%, points on the Economic Participation and 145th). Opportunity subindex in the last decade to attain 36.2% parity, though this level of parity India has closed 64.3% of the overall gender remains one of the lowest globally. There is broad gap, ranking 127th on the global index. It has progress across all indicators on this subindex, but improved by 1.4 percentage points and eight particularly in the share of women technical workers positions since the last edition, marking a partial and the achievement of parity in wage equality for recovery towards its 2020 (66.8%) parity level. The similar work. Despite relatively high disparities, parity country has attained parity in enrolment across in literacy rate and enrolment in secondary and all levels of education. However, it has reached tertiary education are gradually advancing, leading only 36.7% parity on Economic Participation and to 82.5% parity on the Educational Attainment Opportunity. On the one hand, there are upticks in subindex. On Health and Survival, Pakistan secures parity in wages and income; on the other hand, the parity in sex ratio at birth, boosting subindex parity shares of women in senior positions and technical by 1.7 percentage points since 2022. Like most roles have dropped slightly since the last edition. other countries, Pakistan’s widest gender gap is on On Political Empowerment, India has registered Political Empowerment (15.2%). It has had a female 25.3% parity, with women representing 15.1% of head of state for 4.7 years of the last 50 years, and parliamentarians, the highest for India since the one-tenth of the ministers as well as one-昀椀fth of inaugural 2006 edition. On the Health and Survival parliamentarians are women. index (95%), the improvement in sex ratio at birth by 1.9 percentage points to 92.7% has driven up parity Brazil’s parity at 72.6% is 57th globally and at after more than a decade of slow progress. its highest parity level since 2006. Brazil has appointed women in 36.7% of ministerial positions, Ranked 43rd, the United States has closed the highest in its history. Further, there has also 74.8% of its overall gender gap. On Educational been a 2.9 percentage-point increase in women Attainment, the country is at parity or virtually parliamentarians (share, 17.7%). Combined, they at parity across all levels of education except have almost doubled the parity level on Political secondary education. On the Economic Empowerment (26.3%) since the previous edition. Participation and Opportunity subindex (78%), the There has also been marginal improvement on the United States has recovered almost to its 2018 Economic Participation and Opportunity dimension. level of parity. Income parity (67.5%) has been While parity in technical positions is sustained, gradually improving, however the share of women parity in estimated incomes is at 62.8%, despite in senior positions has been receding over the registering some improvement compared to the last two editions of the index. Further, over the 2022 edition. There is full parity in Health and last decade, women’s healthy life expectancy has Survival outcomes, based on sex ratio at birth declined by 昀椀ve years and men’s by close to three and healthy life expectancy. On the Educational years. This has worsened gender parity in Health Attainment subindex (99.2%), apart from enrolment and Survival outcomes (97%) by 0.9 percentage in primary education, there is full gender parity points since the 2013 edition. The country’s parity in literacy rate, secondary education and tertiary on Political Empowerment stands at 24.8%, with education. a marginal improvement in the share of women parliamentarians and still no female head of state. Nigeria’s parity is at 63.7% (130th), 1 percentage point lower than its 2013 level. Since then, parity on Indonesia’s gender parity scores were improving the Political Empowerment subindex has receded steadily until they dropped in 2021. In this edition, from 11.9% to 4.1%, due to a decline in parity Indonesia (87th) maintains the same 69.7% score in both parliamentary and ministerial positions. as last year, sustaining a recovery to almost match Further, parity on Educational Attainment has been its 2020 parity level. On Economic Participation 昀氀uctuating in recent years and has only marginally and Opportunity, there is 66.6% parity, indicating improved over the last decade; currently, its 82.6% a partial recovery to its 2020 parity level (68.5%). parity is one of the lowest in the world. Its absolute Since 2020, the share of women senior of昀椀cials levels of women’s literacy rates and enrolment rates has dropped from 55% to 31.7%, while the share across levels of education have also been lagging. of technical workers has increased from 40.1% Nigeria has perfect parity for sex ratio at birth, which to more than 50%, thus attaining parity. Further, has contributed to a 96.7% parity on the Health and there has been marginal improvement in parity in Survival subindex. Further, with a global ranking of estimated earned income, though the gap remains 54th, its Economic Participation and Opportunity wide: for every dollar of income earned by a man, score (71.5%) has experienced both advances a woman earns just 51.9 cents. The Political and setbacks over the last decade. Nigeria has Empowerment subindex is at 18.1% parity, with more than 64% representation of women in senior 21.6% women parliamentarians and 20.7% women positions, but women earn only 50% of the income ministers. Parity across Educational Attainment earned by men. (97.2%) and Health and Survival (97%) remain virtually unchanged compared to the 2022 edition. With the highest gender parity in Southern Asia, Bangladesh ranks 59th globally, with a score Pakistan (142nd) is at 57.5% parity, its highest of 72.2%. The country’s trajectory is mostly since 2006. It has improved by 5.1 percentage characterized by continuous progress on Political Global Gender Gap Report 2023 29