FIGURE 2.4 Unemployment by level of education, female and male workers, by income level, 2022 or latest year available A. Female B. Male 40 35 Tunisia 30 Pakistan Jordan Morocco 25 Mali Saudi Arabia Algeria 20 Jordan Rwanda Botswana Guinea Morocco Cameroon Angola South-Africa 15 Chad Rwanda Botswana Lebanon Georgia Greece South Africa Montenegro 10 Spain Algeria North Macedonia North Macedonia Eswatini Italy Finland Spain 5 Sweden Unemployment of workers with advanced education (%)Finland Sweden Slovakia Azerbaijan Slovakia Bulgaria 0 USA Bulgaria 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Unemployment of workers with basic education (%) Emerging market economies Advanced economies Source Note International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT. Educational attainment based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Basic education is defined as primary and lower secondary education and advanced education is defined as short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent levels. discouragement to search for opportunities, among Overall, over the last decade, there has been 9 other factors. insuf昀椀cient progress in improving working conditions, interrupted by shocks in key labour- force indicators. Women still encounter barriers Working conditions entering the workforce, struggle to 昀椀nd jobs, and face relatively poorer working conditions, calling for renewed focus by both governments and business When women secure employment, they often leaders. Across the world, inadequate care systems face substandard quality of working conditions. A are one of the largest roadblocks to improving signi昀椀cant portion of the recovery in employment gender gaps in the labour market. since 2020 can be attributed to informal employment. The ILO estimates that out of every 昀椀ve jobs created for women, four are within the informal economy, whereas for men, the ratio is two out of every three jobs.10 While informal work is critical and may drive production and employment, it is often a “last-resort” option characterized by a lack of legal protections, social security, and decent working conditions, and poses numerous challenges for women’s economic and social well- being. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 36