as a percentage value that reveals how a country positions now focuses solely on Cabinet members has reduced its gender gap should help make the who head ministries. Individuals who are not index more intuitively appealing to readers.11 members of the Cabinet and Cabinet members who do not head ministries are excluded from the Section C: Update measurement, starting with this edition. of the labour-force This methodological change allows for a more precise examination of women’s representation participation rate in executive positions by concentrating on top political executive roles. These roles possess indicator two key characteristics: (a) the highest individual policy-making power as leaders of speci昀椀c policy 昀椀elds, and (b) the highest joint executive power as Past editions (2006-2022) of the Global Gender members of the collective decision-making body, Gap Report have used modelled estimates for the i.e. the Cabinet. ‘Labour-force participation rate’ (LFPR) indicator as calculated by the International Labour Organization By re昀椀ning the measurement criteria, the updated (ILO). These estimates are based on both nationally methodology ensures greater consistency and reported observations and imputed data for comparability of data across countries. countries with missing data. The ILO has recently issued guidance against the Section E: Indicator use of modelled estimates in country benchmarking de昀椀nitions and sources 12 efforts. Following consultations with the ILO, the Global Indicators composing the Global Gender Gap Gender Gap Index has responded by adhering to Index ILO guidance. Consequently, this year’s edition no longer employs modelled estimates for the labour- Labour-force participation rate, % force participation rate, and instead uses nationally The labour-force participation rate is the labour reported labour-force data that complies with ILO force as a percentage of the working-age standards and has been validated and reported in population. The labour force is the sum of all ILOSTAT. persons of working age who are employed and those who are actively looking for employment. The update has been carried out with a view to maintaining coherence and continuity of the Global Period: 2010 or latest year available. Gender Gap Index methodology, ensuring that Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), conceptual proximity, empirical proximity and ILOSTAT. indicator quality and availability are respected. Section D: Update in Wage equality for similar work, 1–7 (best) the share of women in Response to the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey question, “In your country, for ministerial positions similar work, to what extent are wages for women equal to those of men?” (1 = not at all, signi昀椀cantly indicator below those of men; 7 = fully, equal to those of men). The representation of women in ministerial positions For the past 44 years, the World Economic Forum’s has been included in the Political Empowerment Executive Opinion Survey (referred to as the Survey) pillar of the Global Gender Gap Index since its has played a vital role in 昀氀agship publications of inception in 2006. This indicator is collected on the World Economic Forum, as well as at other a biennial basis, with the most recent collection organizations and research institutions. It stands as occurring in March 2023, at which time the indicator the most comprehensive and enduring survey of de昀椀nition was also updated. its kind, with responses from over 12,000 business leaders across 121 countries in 2022. The Survey Prior to 2023, the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) delves into assessing crucial factors that drive collected the data for this indicator. Beginning in economic growth and competitiveness, including 2023, the data is being collected by UN Women. aspects of diversity, equity and inclusion. The signi昀椀cance of this survey lies in its ability to offer The update to the de昀椀nition has been implemented valuable insights when statistical data is unavailable during the 2023 data collection period as part or is extremely dif昀椀cult to measure on a global scale. of a deliberate effort to enhance the precision of It captures the perspectives of business leaders assessing women’s representation in executive who are best positioned to assess their operating positions. The measurement of women in ministerial environment. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 66