Period: Moving average 2021-2022 or most recent International Standard Classi昀椀cation of Occupations year available (no earlier than 2019-2020). (ISCO-08).14 Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey (EOS). Period: 2022 or most recent year available. Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT. Estimated earned income, int’l $1,000s The estimated female earned income is a proxy for how much command women have over a Professional and technical workers, % country’s economic resources. For each country, Ratio of women to men employed in professional it is computed using female and male shares of and technical roles, de昀椀ned by the ILO as those the economically active population, the ratio of the who increase the existing stock of knowledge, female to male wages (both indicators are sourced apply scienti昀椀c or artistic concepts and theories from the ILO), gross domestic product valued or those who perform technical and related tasks at constant 2017 international dollars (IMF), and that require advanced knowledge and skill. It female and male shares of population (World Bank). corresponds to the sum of Major Groups 2 and The methodology used to compute this indicator 3 of the International Standard Classi昀椀cation of is adapted from the methodology developed by Occupations (ISCO-08). the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report Of昀椀ce for computing Period: 2022 or most recent year available. the Gender Development Index (UNDP, 2021-2022, Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), 13 pages 6-7). Female and male wage measures ILOSTAT. used in the computation of the gender wage ratio correspond to the mean nominal monthly earnings of female and male employees, respectively. In the absence of wage data, a gender wage ratio of Literacy rate, % 0.75 is used in the computation of the wage bill. Percentage of the adult population (women and ILO’s measure of earning corresponds to the mean men over 15 years of age) with the ability to of monthly earnings of all employees in nominal both read and write and make simple arithmetic terms. The earnings of employees relate to the calculations. For advanced economies for which gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to data was unavailable in the last 10 years, the employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time authors assumed based on older data that the worked or work done together with remuneration gender gap on literacy rate is closed. for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Earnings Period: 2021 or most recent year available. exclude employers’ contributions with respect to Source: UNESCO, UIS.Stat education statistics employees’ social security and pension schemes data portal; when not available, data is sourced and also the bene昀椀ts received by employees under from the UNDP Human Development Reports, most these schemes. Earnings also exclude severance recent data available. and termination pay. Statistics of earnings relate to the gross remuneration of employees, i.e. the total before any deductions are made by the employer. The measurement period of this indicator Enrolment in primary education, % corresponds to that of the wage data. In the Percentage of girls and boys in the of昀椀cial primary Economy Pro昀椀les, values reported are the estimated school age range (Net Enrolment rate in Primary average annual earned income per capita in education) who are enrolled in primary education constant 2017 international dollars for women and (International Standard Classi昀椀cation of Education 15 men, respectively, and the ratio of the two values. [ISCED] 1). Period: 2021 or most recent year available. Period: 2021 or most recent year available. Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), Source: UNESCO, UIS.Stat education statistics ILOSTAT; International Monetary Fund (IMF), World data portal. Economic Outlook; World Bank, World Development Indicators. Enrolment in secondary education, % Based on Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER). Measures Legislators, senior of昀椀cials and managers, % the percentage of girls and boys enrolled in Ratio of women to men employed in senior roles, secondary education, regardless of age, expressed de昀椀ned by the ILO as those who plan, direct, as a percentage of the of昀椀cial school-age coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of population corresponding to secondary education. enterprises, governments and other organizations, A high GER generally indicates a high degree of or of organizational units within them, and participation, whether the pupils belong to the formulate and review their policies, laws, rules and of昀椀cial age group or not. A GER value approaching regulations. It corresponds to Major Group 1 of the or exceeding 100% indicates that a country is, in Global Gender Gap Report 2023 67